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Buildings have been built in one place and reassembled in another throughout history. This was especially true for mobile activities, or for new settlements. Elmīnas pils, the first vergu forts in Rietumāfrika, was also the first European prefabricated building in Subsahāras Āfrika.1: 93 In Ziemeļamerika, in 1624 viena no pirmajām ēkām at Annas rags was probably partially prefabricated, and was rapidly disassembled and moved at least once. Džons Rollo described in 1801 earlier use of portable hospital buildings in the Rietumindija.2 Possibly the first advertised prefab house was the "Manning cottage". A London carpenter, Henry Manning, constructed a house that was built in components, then shipped and assembled by British emigrants. This was published at the time (advertisement, South Australian Record, 1837) and a few still stand in Australia.3 One such is the Draugu tikšanās nams, Adelaida.45 The peak year for the importation of portable buildings to Australia was 1853, when several hundred arrived. These have been identified as coming from Liverpūle, Bostona and Singapūra (with Chinese instructions for re-assembly).6 In Barbadosa the Kustamas māja was a form of prefabricated building which was developed by emancipated slaves who had limited rights to build upon land they did not own. As the buildings were moveable they were legally regarded as kustamais īpašums.7
In 1855 during the Krimas karš, after Florence Naitingeila wrote a letter to Laiki, Isambard Kingdom Brunel was commissioned to design a prefabricated modular hospital. In five months he designed the Renkioi slimnīca: 1,000 pacientu slimnīca ar jauninājumiem sanitārijā, ventilācijā un tualeti ar skalojamo tualeti.8 Fabricator Viljams Īsijs constructed the required 16 units in Glosteras doki, shipped directly to the Dardaneļas. Tas tika izmantots tikai no 1856. gada marta līdz 1857. gada septembrim, un tas samazināja mirstības līmeni no 42 procentiem līdz 3,5 procentiem.
The world's first prefabricated, pre-cast panelled apartment blocks were pioneered in Liverpūle. A process was invented by city engineer Džons Aleksandrs Brodijs, whose inventive genius also had him inventing the football goal net. The tram stables at Walton in Liverpūle followed in 1906. The idea was not extensively adopted in Britain, however was widely adopted elsewhere, particularly in Eastern Europe.
Prefabricated homes were produced during the Zelta drudzis in the United States, when kits were produced to enable Californian prospectors to quickly construct accommodation. Homes were available in kit form by mail order in the United States in 1908.9
Prefabricated housing was popular during the Otrais pasaules karš due to the need for mass accommodation for military personnel. The United States used Quonset būdas as military buildings, and in the United Kingdom prefabricated buildings used included Nissen būdiņas and Belmana angāri. 'Prefabs' were built after the war as a means of quickly and cheaply providing quality housing as a replacement for the housing destroyed during Blitz. The proliferation of prefabricated housing across the country was a result of the Burta komiteja and the Mājokļu (pagaidu izmitināšanas) 1944. gada likums. Under the Darba ministrija Avārijas rūpnīcā izgatavots housing programme, a specification was drawn up and bid on by various private construction and manufacturing companies. After approval by the MoW, companies could bid on Council led development schemes, resulting in whole estates of prefabs constructed to provide accommodation for those made homeless by the War and ongoing graustu klīrenss.10 Almost 160,000 had been built in the UK by 1948 at a cost of close to £216 million. The largest single prefab estate in Britain11 was at Belle Vale (South Liverpool), where more than 1,100 were built after World War 2. The estate was demolished in the 1960s amid much controversy as the prefabs were very popular with residents at the time.
Prefabs were aimed at families, and typically had an entrance hall, two bedrooms (parents and children), a bathroom (a room with a bath) — which was a novel innovation for many Britons at that time, a separate toilet, a living room and an equipped (not aprīkots in the modern sense) kitchen. Construction materials included steel, aluminium, timber or azbestu, depending on the type of dwelling. The aluminium Tips B2 prefab was produced as four pre-assembled sections which could be transported by lorry anywhere in the country.12
The Universal House (pictured left lounge diner right) was given to the Čilternas brīvdabas muzejs after 40 years temporary use. The Mark 3 was manufactured by the Universal Housing Company Ltd, Rickmansworth.
The United States used prefabricated housing for troops during the war and for GIs returning home. Saliekamais classrooms were popular with UK schools increasing their rolls during the bērnu bums of the 1950s and 1960s.
Many buildings were designed with a five-ten year life span, but have far exceeded this, with a number surviving today. In 2002, for example, the city of Bristole still had residents living in 700 examples.13 Many UK councils have been in the process of demolishing the last surviving examples of Second World War prefabs in order to comply with the British government's Pienācīgu māju standarts, which came into effect in 2010. There has, however, been a recent revival in prefabricated methods of construction in order to compensate for the United Kingdom's current housing shortage.nepieciešama atsauce
Saliekamās konstrukcijas un modernisma kustība
Arhitekti mūsdienu saliekamajās mājās iekļauj modernus dizainus. Saliekamo korpusu izskata ziņā vairs nevajadzētu salīdzināt ar pārvietojamo māju, bet gan ar sarežģītu modernisma dizainu.14 There has also been an increase in the use of "green" materials in the construction of these prefab houses. Consumers can easily select between different environmentally friendly finishes and wall systems. Since these homes are built in parts, it is easy for a home owner to add additional rooms or even solar panels to the roofs. Many prefab houses can be customized to the client's specific location and climate, making prefab homes much more flexible and modern than before.
There is a zeitgeist or tendence in architectural circles and the spirit of the age favors the small oglekļa pēdas nospiedums of "prefab".
Efektivitāte
The process of building pre-fabricated buildings has become so efficient in China that a builder in Čanša built a ten-stāvs building in 28 hours and 45 minutes.15 16
Komunistiskajās valstīs
Many eastern European countries had suffered physical damage during otrais pasaules karš and their economies were in a very poor state. There was a need to reconstruct cities which had been severely damaged due to the war. For example, Varšava had been practically razed to the ground under the planned destruction of Warsaw by German forces after the 1944 Varšavas sacelšanās. The centre of Drēzdene1945. gada sabiedroto bombardēšana bija pilnībā iznīcināta Vācijā. Staļingrada bija lielā mērā iznīcināta, un tikai neliels skaits konstrukciju bija palikušas stāvošas.
Prefabricated buildings served as an inexpensive and quick way to alleviate the massive housing shortages associated with the wartime destruction and large-scale urbanizācija and lauku lidojums.
Saliekamās komerciālās ēkas
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McDonald's uses prefabricated structures for their buildings, and set a record of constructing a building and opening for business within 13 hours (on pre-prepared ground works).17
In the UK, the major supermarkets have each developed a modular unit system to shop building, based on the systems developed by German cost retailer Aldi and the Danish supermarket chain Netto.18